Measured: Finishes name the surface and materials name the base, so the material line of a listing, not its adjectives, identifies what an upper is made of.
The basics
What to know about upper material
Everything above the sole is the upper, and its material sets the terms of ownership. It decides whether the shoe breathes, and whether it stretches to your foot or holds its shape against it. The material also decides what rain does to it, and whether year five is realistic or fantasy. Price differences between otherwise identical shoes usually live here.
Three families cover nearly everything. Hides mean leather and its finishes such as suede, nubuck and patent. They breathe and are shaped over the last, the foot-shaped form a shoe is built on. Then they keep molding to your own foot in wear. Textiles, from canvas and nylon to satin, straw and knit, run lighter and often washable, but they rarely take repair. Synthetic leathers copy the surface of hide in plastic: consistent, wipeable, and fixed in shape from the first day to the final one.
Watch the difference between a material and a finish. Patent, nubuck and pebbled name surface treatments that can sit on real hide or on plastic. That means a description can be technically true and still misleading. The material line, not the adjective, tells you which family you are buying.